| چکیده انگلیسی مقاله |
Introduction: Self-employment the best option is to prepare learners of higher education system for employment in the labor market in the future. Since that attitude affects individual behavior so attitude towards self-employment it is very effective in the self-employed or not. Recognition and analysis of students, attitude towards self-employment is essential especially postgraduate students who have achieved a good level of scientific. This recognition on the one hand, officials makes familiar with the real attitude students on the other hand help to curricula and educational authorities in the short term and long term goal setting and training programs. by strengthening students, attitudes, fields of employment in the future provided and taken effective steps towards social development especially development and improvement of social status the young and educated generation in the future. In case of unfavorable attitude of the students officials can be codified appropriate curricula to improve student, attitudes, Most of the studies in the higher education system that have examined entrepreneurial students, attitudes and their self-employment have used a series of preset scales. However, students live in society and the context of different cultural, social and economic and there is possibility that attitudes are different. So the present study was conducted with the aim of an investigation of postgraduate students, attitude toward self-employment in Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Razi University of Kermanshah. Method: The general approach of research is quantitative-qualitative and from perspective of goal, it is practical. Q methodology used in the qualitative but analysis carried out with SPSS software. In Q study, researchers selected a sample among those that are of particular relevance to the subject or have special ideas. The study population in part of quantitative are consisted of postgraduate students in Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Razi University in Kermanshah ( 470 persons) that are 112 doctoral students and 358 postgraduate students. To determine sample size with using Morgan table, 212 individuals were random sampling selected. Also in part of qualitative, snow ball technic for sampling was used. So the number of postgraduate students were selected as research sample. After 25 sessions on focus groups and individual interviews with 52 postgraduate students of Razi University in Kermanshah is reached theoretical saturation, this means that with subsequent interviews was not added other information to our previous information. In Q-methodology to evaluate expressions Q phrase, 25 extracted phrases are placed at the disposal of scholars and experts in the field of entrepreneurship and professors of agricultural extension and rural development department of Razi University in Kermanshah. And of them were asked that has been studied phrases, the analysis of whether the phrases were measure well students, attitudes towards self-employment. After some revisions to them, Q phrases validity of qualitative methodology in order to identify attitudes of students were confirmed. As well as to evaluate the reliability of instrument for data collection, Randomly two weeks after put the cards on the chart Q, Again were asked the 30 participating students in the study to repeat this action and with study the correlation between the answers of the ten students in two phases became clear that the survey instrument had good reliability for research. After setting Q phrases on 25 cards in order to complete Q graph conducted individual interviews and face to face with participants in the community space. During the interviews were asked of the students to 25 Q phrases sort a range of +4 to -4 on the Q chart. The relationship between individual characteristics of the subjects and their attitude towards self-employment was assessed using correlation analysis. Findings: Based on the results gender, marital status, education level is effective on peoples, attitudes toward self- employment. In order to categorize the attitudes of students and the analysis of research data was used Q exploratory factor analysis and SPSSWin20 software. The analysis of Q methodology showed that students, attitude toward self-employment including responsible attitude, creative attitude, risk- taking attitude and manager attitude. In responsible attitude students with examples such as "I think that self-employment is enjoyable and attractive", "Self-employment leads to financial independence", "Agricultural graduates should be able to take the responsibility of creating new jobs and performing self-employment" and "in self-employed person will accept responsibility for better performances" are most agreements. In creative attitude students with examples such as " I enjoy doing new things", "self-employed leads to creativity", "I love self-employed because it is needed to more thinking and more innovative" and "I look to self-employed as an important and effective job" are most agreements. In risk-taking attitude students with examples such as "I am willing to risk for learn better jobs even if I am satisfied with my current position", "Graduates agriculture due to acquired abilities, can cope with the new risks", "I enjoy of accept the risks arise of working in the new conditions" and " Self-employment is a risk, and I think the risk is the salt of life" are most agreements. In manager attitude students with examples such as "I love in my job, I am be Mr. myself", "I prefer self-employment on public works", "in Self-employed people do not decide for you" and " his fate of self-employed person is at himself hands" are most agreements. Discussion: Personality of students in the creation and formation of abstract concepts and critical attitude towards self-employment are effective and even this concept can affect their future. To be Attractive and enjoyable of self-employment, financial independence of the self-employment activities, risks in doing new things, creativity and this that fate of anyone is in himself hand, puts them in a separate categories. Results of this study can help to planners of higher agricultural education system in order to strengthen attitude toward students, self-employment. Holding of classes and workshops, especially female students and invite the self-employed women, the use of problem-solving methods to improve students, attitudes, formation of active cooperatives of students and identify and support of self-employed students and encourage them can be effective. |