Background: The application of tissue engineering and stem cells has not yet reached clinical achievments. In many cases, including the selection, delivery, viability and stability of cells, the time-consuming nature of treatments, regulatory issues and high costs, and obtaining licenses from health regulatory bodies in terms of compliance with ethics in medicine are limitations for this branch of treatment.
Objectives: The purpose of this review is to describe the construction and use of bioscaffolds and biologically simulated bone materials including the different methods used, their structure, scales from micro scale to large scale in bone repair.
Methods: In the present study review, the search for articles using the keywords bioscaffold, bone materials, biological materials, bone repair was conducted by a researcher who was proficient in the scientific search methodology independently in Web of Science, Pubmed, Scopus and Google scholar databases. Finally, 95 articles were selected and analyzed.
Results: Studies show that biosimulation methods with a combination of structural design, surface modification and the use of external physical stimuli have created a great potential for bone tissue regeneration. However, there are still significant challenges in this field
Conclusion: The results of this study show that in vivo bone regeneration may be possible through the combination of tissue structural simulation and external physical stimulation, thus, reducing the dependence on exogenous cells and biochemical factors in bone tissue engineering. Scaffold-based bone tissue engineering therapies that are safe, convenient and most importantly cost-effective will have significant advantages in clinical applications.